Disease characterised by growth of the endometrium
into the walls of the uterus.
Scar tissue that is formed by bleeding endometriosis
lesions and surgery. This scar tissue can bind together
internal organs and surfaces. >>
Read more
Substances added to a surgically-treated area in hopes
of reducing adhesions.
A mass in the area of the Fallopian tube or ovary.
A twisting of the Fallopian tube.
Refers to a woman who is not having her period, either
because of a medical condition or because her menstruation
is being supressed by drug treatment.
Male sex hormones.
A physician-scientist who performs laboratory evaluations
of male fertility. May hold a Ph.D. degree instead
of an M.D. Usually affiliated with a fertility treatment
center working on in vitro fertilization.
One of the androgens (male hormones) that are naturally
present in women. (Other androgens include testosterone
and DHEAS.) These hormones play an important role
in ovulation. High levels of androgens in women may
indicate an abnormality in the ovulation process.
The loss or gain of one or more chromosomes.
The failure to ovulate.
A drug or other substance that exerts an opposite
action to that of another or competes for the same
receptor sites. An oestrogen antagonist, for example,
blocks oestrogen.
The pre-delivery pregnancy period.
Top or upper.
Chemicals made by the body to fight or attack foreign
substances entering the body. Normally they prevent
infection; however, when they attack the sperm or
fetus, they cause infertility. Sperm antibodies may
be made by either the man or the woman.
The depositing of sperm in the vagina near the cervix
or directly into the uterus, with the use of a syringe
instead of by coitus. This technique is used to overcome
sexual performance problems, to circumvent sperm-mucus
interaction problems, to maximize the potential for
poor semen, and for using donor sperm.
A condition where the uterine walls adhere to one
another. Usually caused by uterine inflammation.
Perforating the zona pellucida ('shell' of the egg)
to help the very early embryo (the blastocyst) escape,
ie. to hatch. Can be done by needle, by the use of
an acide, or by laser.
The term used to describe several procedures employed
to bring about conception without sexual intercourse,
including IUI, IVF, GIFT and ZIFT.
Thinning and decreased blood flow to tissue resultant
from a lack of hormones, most commonly estrogen.
When a person has an autoimmune disorder, immune cells
mistakenly attack the body’s own cells. Examples
of autoimmune disorders are lupus, rheumatoid arthritis,
and Grave’s Disease. Some autoimmune factors,
such as antiphospholipid antibodies, may affect fertility
or pregnancy.
A vaginal infection that causes a burning sensation
and a gray, malodorous discharge. May interfere with
fertility.
The body reaches a basal metabolic temperature early
in the morning when we are at rest. Charting this
temperature variation helps determine when ovulation
occurs. The basal body temperature is measured with
a special basal thermometer.
A blood test used to detect very early pregnancies
and to evaluate embryonic development.
A congenital malformation of the uterus where the
upper portion (horn) is duplicated.
Removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes. >>
Read more
Junction between urethra and bladder
The very early embryo.
A surgical procedure performed when a blockage of
the intestines occurs. The procedure removes the portion
of the bowel where the obstruction is located.
An infection that may be uncomfortable and itchy and
may impair fertility.
A hollow flexible tube that is passed into the body.
In IVF, a special catheter is used to transfer fertilised
embryos into the uterus.
To burn tissue with electrical current (electrocautery)
or with a laser. Used in surgical procedures to remove
unwanted tissue such as adhesions and endometriotic
implants. Also used to control bleeding. >>
Read more
A routine blood test is that analyses the three major
types of cells in blood: red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets. A CBC is a general indicator
of overall health.
A viscous fluid plugging the opening of the cervix.
Most of the time this thick mucus plug prevents sperm
and bacteria from entering the womb. However, at midcycle,
under the influence of estrogen, the mucus becomes
thin, watery, and stringy to allow sperm to pass into
the womb. See also Cervix
A sample of the cervical mucus examined microscopically
to assess the presence of oestrogen (ferning) and
white blood cells, indicating possible infection.
A blockage of the cervical canal from a congenital
defect or from complications of surgical procedures.
The opening between the uterus and the vagina. The
cervical mucus plugs the cervical canal and normally
prevents foreign materials from entering the reproductive
tract. The cervix remains closed during pregnancy
and dilates during labor and delivery to allow the
baby to be born.
Very early pregnancy that is indicated through a positive
pregnancy test only. When the term is used in connection
with IVF, a chemical pregnancy may not be a pregnancy
at all, but rather the result of the hCG injection
creating a false-positive pregnancy test.
A sexually transmitted infection caused by the microorganism
chlamydia trachomatis, which if left untreated in
a woman may cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),
pelvic adhesions, and tubal blockage.
A cyst in the ovary that is filled with old blood,
also known as an endometrioma. It occurs when endometriosis
invades an ovary.
The structures in the cell that carry the genetic
material (genes); the genetic messengers of inheritance.
The human has forty-six chromosomes, twenty-three
coming from the egg and twenty-three coming from the
sperm.
Tiny hairlike projections lining the inside surface
of the fallopian tubes. The waving action of these
"hairs" sweeps the egg toward the uterus.
Pregnancy in which the foetus shows on an ultrasound
at about seven weeks.
A perfect copy of a (DNA) molecule, a (stem) cell
or an individual. Cloning of an individual is done
by replacring the nucleus of an egg cell with the
genetic material from a somatic (non-germ) cell -
as was done to make Dolly the sheep, the world's first
clone. Cloning can also be done to produce stem cells,
the undifferentiated early cells from which all types
of cells develop. This technique may in the future
enable people to access life-saving treatments tailored-made
from their own DNA.
A method of destroying endometrial lesions by dehydrating
the cells with a bipolar or thermal coagulator. >>
Read more
The small erectile sex organ of the female which contains
large numbers of sensory nerves; the female counterpart
of the penis.
Intercourse; the sexual union between a man and a
woman.
The fertilisation of an ovum or the act of becoming
pregnant.
A surgical procedure used to remove pre-cancerous
cells from the cervix.
Any agent or device used for the prevention of conception
(getting pregnant).
Stimulation of multiple ovulation with fertility drugs;
also known as superovulation.
The yellow-pigmented glandular structure that forms
from the ovarian follicle following ovulation. The
gland produces progesterone, which is responsible
for preparing and supporting the uterine lining for
implantation. Progesterone also causes the half-degree
basal temperature elevation noted at mid-cycle during
an ovulatory cycle. If the corpus luteum functions
poorly, the uterine lining may not support a pregnancy.
If the egg is fertilised, a corpus luteum of pregnancy
forms to maintain the endometrial bed and support
the implanted embryo. A deficiency in the amount of
progesterone produced (or the length of time it is
produced) by the corpus luteum can mean the endometrium
is unable to sustain a pregnancy. This is called luteal
phase defect (LPD).
Frozen storage of sperm, eggs, embryos, or other reproductive
tissue for later use.
A procedure by which an endoscope and light can be
inserted through the posterior wall of the vagina
to examine the pelvic organs.
A condition characterized by an overproduction of
adrenal gland secretions. The person will suffer from
high blood pressure and water retention as well as
a number of other symptoms. A concurrent elevation
of adrenal androgens will suppress pituitary output
of LH and FSH and result in low sperm production or
ovulatory failure. A woman may also develop male secondary
sex characteristics, including abnormal hair growth.
Cushing's Disease is another condition in which these
same symptoms occur, but as the result of a pituitary
tumor.
Prolapse of the bladder into the vagina. This can
be seen as a bulge from the anterior wall of the vagina.
Surgical dilation of the cervix followed by surgical
scraping of the interior of the uterine cavity with
a currette (spoon-shaped surgical instrument) to remove
growths (eg. pregnancy, tumours, etc) or diseased
tissue.
A condition in which the youngster fails to complete
puberty and develop secondary sex characteristics
by sixteen years of age. Puberty may be stimulated
with hormonal replacement therapy. Some will outgrow
the condition without treatment.
Loss of neuronal connections.
One of the androgens (male hormones) that are naturally
present in women. (Other androgens include testosterone
and androstenedione.) These hormones play an important
role in ovulation. High levels of androgens in women
may indicate an abnormality in the ovulation process.
Donor insemination.
A condition in which the glucose (sugar) in the blood
is too high because the body is unable to use it properly.
Diabetes may be responsible for decreased fertility
and increased incidence of miscarriage.
A disease is defined as any deviation from or interruption
of the normal structure or function of any part, organ,
or system, or combination thereof, of the body that
is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms
or signs.
Measures and visually records changes in the frequency
of an ultrasonic wave, indicative of the change in
velocity of the blood flow in the underlying vessels.
Painful menstruation. This may be a sign of endometriosis.
>> Read more
Painful intercourse. >>
Read more
A pregnancy outside of the uterus, usually in the
Fallopian tube.
Female cells containing 23 chromosomes that are stored
in the ovaries. When fertilised by sperm, an egg forms
an embryo. A woman is born with all the eggs she will
ever have. Each month, an egg is released during ovulation.
If it is not fertilised, menstruation will occur about
two weeks later. During IVF fertility drugs are given,
which cause the ovaries to produce numerous eggs instead
of just one.
A procedure used to obtain eggs from ovarian follicles
for use in in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The procedure
may be performed during laparoscopy or by using a
long needle and ultrasound to locate the follicle
in the ovary.
The cells that make up the lining
of the uterus. These cells build up a thick lining
cyclically which is then discarded through menstrual
flow.
The early products of conception, ie. the undifferentiated
beginnings of a baby.
A scientist who is highly trained in embryo growth
and development.
Placing an egg fertilized outside the womb into a
woman's uterus or fallopian tube.
A condition that occurs when spinal fluid leaks into
the bony chamber (fossa) housing the pituitary gland.
The fluid pressure compresses the pituitary gland
and may adversely affect its ability to secrete LH
and FSH and may elevate prolactin levels.
A test to check for Luteal Phase Defect during which
a sample of the uterine lining is collected for microscopic
analysis. The biopsy results will confirm ovulation
and the proper preparation of the endometrium by oestrogen
and progesterone stimulation.
A cyst in the ovary that is filled with old blood,
also known as a "chocolate cyst". It occurs
when endometriosis invades an ovary.
See our section on endometriosis.
The lining of the uterus which grows and sheds in
response to oestrogen and progesterone stimulation;
the bed of tissue designed to nourish the implanted
embryo.
The fascia of the inner pelvis.
Natural narcotics manufactured in the brain to reduce
sensitivity to pain and stress. May contribute to
stress-related fertility problems.
A true herniation into the top of the vagina. This
results from loops of small bowel herniating through
a fascia tear into the space between the pelvic fascia
and the vaginal wall.
The visualisation of the internal organs and cavities
of the body with illuminated optic instruments such
as a laparoscope. >>
Read more
The tube that carries sperm out of the testis.
A "wait and see" approach, which involves
no active intervention or treatment. The patient is
followed closely to determine if any future action
is needed.
A method of removing endometriosis by physically cutting
it out of the body, normally with a laparoscopy. >>
Read more
Ducts through which eggs travel to the uterus once
released from the ovary.
Connective tissue supporting organ structures. Consisting
of mostly collagen fibers, this tissue makes up ligaments
and keeps muscular bundles together as well as lending
structural integrity and strength to the body.
Number of children.
A condition characterised by infantile sexual development
and an inability to smell. Since the pituitary cannot
produce LH and FSH, the woman must take hormone supplements
to achieve puberty, to maintain secondary sex characteristics,
and to achieve fertility.
Frozen embryo replacement.
A pattern characteristic of dried cervical mucus viewed
on a slide. When the fern pattern appears, the mucus
has been thinned and prepared by oestrogen for the
passage of sperm. If it does not fern, the mucus will
be hostile to the passage of the sperm.
The capacity to initiate or support conception.
A physician specialising in the practice of fertility.
Any method or procedure used to enhance fertility
or increase the likelihood of pregnancy. The goal
of fertility treatment is to help couples have a child.
The initial medical examinations and tests performed
to diagnose or narrow down the cause of fertility
problems.
The combining of the genetic material carried by sperm
and egg to create an embryo. It normally occurs inside
the fallopian tube (in vivo) but may also
occur in a petri dish (in vitro). See also
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF).
A term used to refer to a baby during the period of
gestation between eight weeks and term.
A benign tumor of the uterine muscle and connective
tissue.
The opening of the fallopian tube near the ovary.
When stimulated by the follicular fluid released during
ovulation, the fingerlike ends grasp the ovary and
coax the egg into the tube.
Fluid-filled sacs in the ovary which contain the eggs
released at ovulation. Each month an egg develops
inside the ovary in a fluid filled pocket called a
follicle.
The fluid inside the follicle that cushions and nourishes
the ovum. When released during ovulation, the fluid
stimulates the fimbria to grasp the ovary and coax
the egg into the fallopian tube.
A pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis
and follicular development. In the man FSH stimulates
the Sertoli cells in the testicles and supports sperm
production. In the woman FSH stimulates the growth
of the ovarian follicle. Elevated FSH levels are indicative
of gonadal failure in both men and woman.
The pre-ovulatory portion of a woman's cycle during
which a follicle grows and high levels of oestrogen
cause the lining of the uterus to proliferate (thicken).
This normally takes between 12 and 14 days.
A reproductive cell: Sperm in men, the egg in women.
A technique that may be used instead of In Vitro Fertilisation
(IVF) for women with patent tubes. After egg retrieval
the eggs are mixed with the husband's sperm and then
injected through the fimbria into the woman's fallopian
tubes for IVF.
Relating to the stomach and intestine.
The external sex organs: the labia and clitoris in
the woman, and the penis and the testicles in the
man. Also called genitalia.
Related to the genital and urinary systems of the
body.
The science that deals with the analysis of DNA (gene
activity and expression) in body tissues and fluids
with respect to specific diseases.
In the male the testicular cell that divides to produce
the immature sperm cells; in the woman the ovarian
cell that divides to form the egg (ovum). The male
germ cell remains intact throughout the man's reproductive
life; the woman uses up her germ cells at the rate
of about one thousand per menstrual cycle, although
usually only one egg matures each cycle.
Gamete intra-fallopian transfer: a process by which
eggs are collected after ovarian stimulation by laparoscopy
or vaginal ultrasound-direced aspiration and mixed
with prepared sperm. These are then introduced in
the Fallopian tube either through a laparoscope or
transvaginally.
A class of drugs that are used to prevent the ovaries
from releasing eggs too early during an IVF cycle.
There are two types of GnRH analogues: GnRH agonists,
which cause a sharp increase of LH and FSH, and GnRH
antagonists, which cause immediate suppression of
LH (= no "flare-up"). GnRH-analogues are
also used to suppress ovarian function in women with
endometriosis so that they do not menstruate, known
as a medically induced menopause. >>
Read more
Hormones which control reproductive function: Follicle
Stimulating Hormone and Lutenising Hormone.
A substance secreted by the hypothalamus every ninety
minutes or so. This hormone enables the pituitary
to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate the gonads.
See also FSH; LH. >> Read
more
The gland that makes reproductive cells and "sex"
hormones, such as the testicles, which make sperm
and testosterone, and the ovaries, which produce eggs
(ova) and oestrogen.
A specialist physician specialised in female disorders,
particularly those of the reproductive and urological
organs.
Blood clot.
Escape of blood in the peritoneal cavity.
The arrest of bleeding.
Excessive body hair, such as a mustache or pubic hair
growing upward toward the navel, found in women with
excess androgens.
A chemical secreted from a part of the body (usually
an endocrine gland) and carried in the bloodstream
to another part to stimulate or retard its function.
Also referred to as Oestrogen Replacement Therapy.
The practice of medically administering oestrogen
after the menopause, after procedures such as hysterectomy,
or together with menopause-inducing drugs to reduce
side effects and reduce medical risks such as osteoporosis.
Cervical mucus that impedes the natural progress of
sperm through the cervical canal.
The hormone produced in early pregnancy which keeps
the corpus luteum producing progesterone. Also used
via injection to trigger ovulation after some fertility
treatments, and used in men to stimulate testosterone
production.
A combination of the hormones FSH and LH, which is
extracted from the urine of post-menopausal women.
Used to induce ovulation in several fertility treatments.
A condition in which the pituitary gland secretes
too much prolactin. Prolactin can suppress LH and
FSH production, reduce sex drive in the man, and directly
suppress ovarian function in the woman.
A potentially life-threatening side effect of ovulation
induction treatment. Arises when too many follicles
develop and hCG is given to release the eggs. This
may be prevented by withholding the hCG injection
when ultrasound monitoring indicates that too many
follicles have matured.
Overproduction of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.
The resulting increased metabolism "burns up"
oestrogen too rapidly and interferes with ovulation.
Having lower than normal levels of oestrogen.
A spectrum of diseases resulting in low pituitary
gland output of LH and FSH. Men with this disorder
have low sperm counts and may lose their virility;
women do not ovulate and may lose their secondary
sex characteristics.
Low sperm production.
A part of the brain, the hormonal regulation center,
located adjacent to and above the pituitary gland.
In both the man and the woman this tissue secretes
GnRH every ninety minutes or so. The pulsatile GnRH
enables the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH,
which stimulate the gonads.
A condition in which the thyroid gland produces an
insufficient amount of thyroid hormone. The resulting
lowered metabolism interferes with the normal breakdown
of "old" hormones and causes lethargy. Men
will suffer from a lower sex drive and elevated prolactin
(see Hyperprolactinemia), and women will suffer from
elevated prolactin and estrogen, both of which will
interfere with fertility.
Surgical removal of the uterus. When the ovaries and
the fallopian tubes are also removed, it is called
hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy.
See also our article on hysteretomy.
An x-ray of the pelvic organs in which a radio-opaque
dye is injected through the cervix into the uterus
and fallopian tubes. This test checks for malformations
of the uterus and blockage of the fallopian tubes.
A procedure in which the doctor checks for uterine
abnormalities by inserting a fiber-optic device. Minor
surgical repairs can be executed during the procedure.
Artificial insemination where the husband's sperm
is injected directly into the uterus to avoid cervical
mucus problems or to maximize the potential for poor
semen.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a process by which
an egg is fertilised by injecting a single sperm into
the egg.
A condition where the membrane (hymen) covering the
vagina fails to open and allow menstrual flow.
The embedding of the embryo into tissue so it can
establish contact with the mother's blood supply for
nourishment. Implantation usually occurs in the lining
of the uterus; however, in an ectopic pregnancy it
may occur elsewhere in the body.
The system within the body that secures against harmful
substances; it enables the body to recognise materials
as foreign to itself and to neutralise, eliminate,
or metabolise them with or without injure to its own
tissues.
New occurrences of a disorder per year.
A tissue reaction to irritation, injury or infection,
marked by localised warmth, swelling, redness and
pain.
A contractual agreement between a patient and a physician,
whereby the patient gives permission to undergo a
certain procedure based on as clear an understanding
of the issue as is possible. This understanding should
be based on information on and explanation of the
procedure and the options available to the patient.
Inside the abdominal cavity.
See ICSI.
Inside the uterus.
Literally means "in glass." Fertilisation
of an egg by sperm takes place outside the body in
a small glass dish.
The inability to conceive after a year of unprotected
intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy
to term.
A physician who specialises in infertility. Most are
board-certified reproductive endocrinologists, but
some gynaecologists have considerable experience in
infertility and may be considered experts in the field.
A male feedback hormone made in the testicles to regulate
FSH production by the pituitary gland.
A female feedback hormone made in the ovary to regulate
FSH production by the pituitary gland.
A shot that is inserted into the muscle. Some IVF
drugs are administered in the muscle, usually in the
upper hip.
A device placed into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
A technique in which sperm are introduced directly
into a woman’s cervix or uterus to produce pregnancy,
with or without ovarian stimulation to produce multiple
eggs.
A congenital hypothalamus dysfunction which has multiple
symptoms including the failure to complete puberty.
A test performed to analyse chromosomes for the presence
of genetic defects.
A genetic abnormality characterised by having one
Y (male) and two X (female) chromosomes. May cause
a fertility problem.
The instrument used to perform a laparoscopy. It is
a small telescope which can be inserted into a hole
in the abdominal wall for viewing the internal organs.
A surgical procedure used as the primary means of
diagnosing endometriosis; also used to treat endometriosis.
A lighted tube is inserted into the belly button through
which the surgeon can view the inside of the abdomen.
Instruments can be inserted into other small incisions
to remove or destroy endometriosis. >>
Read more
Open abdominal surgery.
A method of destroying endometriosis using a concentrated
beam of light.
See Fibroids.
The testicular cell that produces the male hormone
testosterone. The Leydig cell is stimulated by LH
from the pituitary gland.
The rate of live births per cycle. Also known as “take
home rate.”
A pituitary hormone that stimulates the gonads. In
the man LH is necessary for spermatogenesis (Sertoli
cell function) and for the production of testosterone
(Leydig cell function). In the woman LH is necessary
for the production of oestrogen. When oestrogen reaches
a critical peak, the pituitary releases a surge of
LH (the LH spike), which releases the egg from the
follicle.
The release of luteinising hormone (LH) that causes
the release of a mature egg from the follicle. Ovulation
test kits detect the sudden increase of LH, signaling
that ovulation is about to occur (usually within 24-36
hours).
Post-ovulatory phase of a woman's cycle. The corpus
luteum produces progesterone, which cause the uterine
lining to thicken to support the implantation and
growth of the embryo.
A condition that occurs when the uterine lining does
not develop adequately because of inadequate progesterone
stimulation, or because of the inability of the uterine
lining to respond to progesterone stimulation. LPD
may prevent embryonic implantation or cause an early
miscarriage.
A condition in which the follicle develops and changes
into the corpus luteum without releasing the egg.
The transition between the reproductive and postreproductive
stages in an older women's life, or when a woman ceases
to menstruate or ovulate.
Heavy or prolonged menstrual flow.
The physiologis cyclical shedding of the uterine endometrium
(the lining of the uterus), unless pregnancy intervenes,
and is characterised by vaginal bleeding of three
to seven days' duration. Menstruation is also referred
to as the "menstrual period" or "monthly
period".
Micro-epididymal sperm aspiration: a surgical collection
of sperm direct from the epididymis (the tube that
carries sperm out of the testis). Used when blockage
in the epididymis leads to absence of sperm in the
semen. Usually done under general anaesthetic when
surgical repair to the tubes is necessary.
The upper free portion of the broad ligament, above
the proper ovarian ligament and investing the Fallopian
tube.
Menstrual spotting during the middle of the cycle.
Spontaneous loss of an embryo or foetus from the womb.
Pain in the lower abdomen at the time of ovulation.
A diseased state/character, or ill health. Within
a population it refers to the number of sick persons
or cases of disease recorded.
Death
Epithelial tissue encountered in the mouth, vagina,
anus, etc.
A pregnancy that involves more than one foetus. For
example, twins, triplets, and quadruplets are all
multiple pregnancies. Multiple pregnancies are a risk
associated with IVF.
See Fibroids.
Surgery performed to remove fibroid tumors.
The outer lining, layer/muscular coat of the uterus.
The specialty of looking after new born babies.
The medical specialty of caring for pregnant mothers
and delivering babies.
A specialist gynaecologist specialised in looking
after pregnant women, and the delivery of babies.
The female sex hormone produced in the ovary. Its
production is signaled by the pituitary gland in the
brain and is responsible for formation of the female
secondary sex characteristics. It supports the growth
of the follicle and the development of the uterine
lining. At midcycle the peak oestrogen level triggers
the release of the LH spike from the pituitary gland.
The LH spike is necessary for the release of the ovum
from the follicle. Fat cells can also produce oestrogen,
and this is known as aromatase.
Also referred to as Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT).
The practice of medically administering oestrogen
after the menopause, after procedures such as hysterectomy,
or together with menopause-inducing drugs to reduce
side effects and reduce medical risks such as osteoporosis.
Infrequent menstrual periods.
The branch of medicine concerned with the
study of and treatment of cancer.
Removal of one or both ovaries.
The egg; the reproductive cell from the ovary; the
female gamete; the sex cell that contains the woman's
genetic information.
A potentially life-threatening side effect of ovulation
induction treatment. Arises when too many follicles
develop and hCG is given to release the eggs. This
may be prevented by withholding the hCG injection
when ultrasound monitoring indicates that too many
follicles have matured.
Two small organs on either side of a woman’s
lower pelvis which produce ova, or eggs, and hormones;
the female gamete-producing glands.
A fluid-filled sac inside the ovary. An ovarian cyst
may be found in conjunction with ovulation disorders,
tumors of the ovary, and endometriosis. See also endometrioma.
The failure of the ovary to respond to FSH stimulation
from the pituitary because of damage to or malformation
of the ovary. Diagnosed by elevated FSH in the blood.
The ovum together with its surrounding cells, located
within the ovary.
The cyclical occurrence in a woman's reproductive
years when an egg is released from the ovary and picked
up by the fallopian tubes and guided into the uterus
where it will either be fertilised or discarded with
menstruation.
Medical treatment performed to initiate ovulation.
A home test kit that help women detect the “LH
surge” in their urine. A surge in the level
of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) causes ovulation.
The failure to ovulate.
An egg(s).
Complete pituitary gland failure.
A screening test for pre-cancerous changes of the
uterine cervix.
Number of babies where the gestation went to term.
The condition of being open, as with the Fallopian
tubes that form part of the reproductive organs.
Disorders of the pelvic floor related to physiological
or anatomical abnormalities. They include incontinence,
prolapse, pain syndromes, and others.
The floor of the abdominal cavity. It pertains to
those structures that form the natural bottom of the
pelvic and intra-abdominal cavities.
A procedure in which the doctor checks for structural
abnormalities or other problems in the female reproductive
system.
An infection in the pelvic area that can be caused
by a variety of bacteria and can attack various pelvic
organs.
See PESA.
The thickened part between the anal and vaginal openings.
A smooth membrane lining the walls of the abdominal
and pelvic cavities and enclosing the organs.
Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration: a collection
of sperm under local anaesthesia by needle aspiration
of the epididymis.
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis: a diagnostic technique
involving genetic tests on an embryo. Generally done
when the embryo is at the six to eight cell stage
when one cell is removed for analysis of its DNA or
chromosomes to determine whether or not the embryo
is like to develop a genetic disease.
Pre-implantation genetic screening: using genetic
techniques to check if an embryo has the right number
of chromosomes. Although used particularly for older
women (at increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities)
and for women who have had recurrent miscarriage (often
due to chromosomal abnormalities), it is still in
the experimental phase, since it is not yet evidence
based.
The master gland; the gland that is stimulated by
the hypothalamus and controls all hormonal functions.
Located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus,
this gland controls many major hormonal factories
throughout the body including the gonads, the adrenal
glands, and the thyroid gland.
The embryonic tissue that invades the uterine wall
and provides a mechanism for exchanging the baby's
waste products for the mother's nutrients and oxygen.
The baby is connected to the placenta by the umbilical
cord.
A condition found in women who don't ovulate, characterised
by excessive production of androgens (male sex hormones)
and the presence of cysts in the ovaries. Though PCOS
can be without symptoms, some include excessive weight
gain, acne, and excessive hair growth.
Bottom or lower.
After delivery. This period lasts until six weeks
after delivery.
The fertilised egg that is produced outside the uterus
during IVF.
See PGD.
See PGS.
Menopause that occurs naturally before the age of
40. Also known as premature ovarian failure.
A condition where the ovary runs out of follicles
before the normal age associated with menopause.
A surgical procedure in which nerves at the back of
the uterus are severed in an attempt to eliminate
or reduce pain.
Occurrence of a disorder in the general population.
Infertility in a woman who has never had a pregnancy.
The hormone produced by the corpus luteum during the
second half of a woman's cycle. It thickens the lining
of the uterus to prepare it to accept implantation
of a fertilised egg. >>
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Prediction of most likely future outcome.
The hormone that stimulates the production of milk
in breastfeeding women.
Falling out of, falling down, or dropping, bulging.
Substances found in bodily tissues which are often
responsible for the contractions of smooth muscles
such as the uterus. Prostaglandins keep blood pressure
low and influence hormone activity.
The science that deals with the analysis of proteins
(presence, activity, function, dysfunction) in body
tissues and fluids with respect to specific diseases
A chronic skin disease characterized by reddish patches
covered with silvery scales, occurring mostly onthe
knees, elbows, scalp, and trunk.
The time of life when the body begins making adult
levels of sex hormones (oestrogen or testosterone)
and the youngster takes on adult body characteristics:
developing breasts, growing a beard, pubic hair, and
auxiliary hair; attaining sexual maturity.
Three or more miscarriages. Also know as recurrent
pregnancy loss.
Prolapse of the rectum into the vagina. This can be
seen as a bulge from the lower wall of the vagina.
The fascial layer which separates the vagina from
the rectum.
A sub-specialist doctor, who is dedicated to the treatment
of infertility. An RE has gone through advanced training
to understand female hormones, the causes of infertility,
and the latest infertility treatments. An RE is capable
of handling very complex infertility cases.
Surgical excision (removal by cutting) of a portion
of an organ or other structure.
An ovary that cannot respond to the follicle-stimulating
message sent by FSH. Primitive germ cells will be
present in the ovary; however, they will not respond
to FSH stimulation.
Ectopic pregnancy that has eroded or torn through
the tissue in which it has implanted, producing hemorrhage
(bleeding) from exposed vessels.
Ligament attaching the ischial spine to the sacrum.
Surgical removal of the fallopian tube.
Inflammation of the Fallopian tube.
Surgical repair made to the fallopian tubes; a procedure
used to open the fimbria.
The inability of a couple which has successfully achieved
pregnancy to achieve another. In other words: it refers
to a couple which has one biological child but is
unable to conceive another.
A uterus divided into right and left halves
by a wall of tissue (septum). Women with a septate
uterus have an increased chance of early pregnancy
loss.
An infection that is spread by sexual contact. Also
called a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Use of high-frequency sound waves for creating an
image of internal body parts.
The microscopic cell that carries the male's genetic
information to the female's egg; the male reproductive
cell; the male gamete.
A place where sperm are kept frozen in liquid nitrogen
for later use in artificial insemination.
An irreversible condition that prevents conception.
The death of a foetus between the twentieth week of
gestation and birth.
Incontinence related to episodes of increased intra-abdominal
pressure, thus leakage of urine.
A shot that is inserted under the skin, including
the upper thigh, abdomen, or upper arm.
Stimulation of multiple ovulation with fertility drugs;
also known as controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
(COH).
Testicular sperm aspiration: needle aspiration of
the testis to collect sperm, usually carried out in
cases where PESA has been unsuccessful.
Testicular sperm extraction from a biopsy: carried
out when other methods of extraction have been unsuccessful.
Two small organs that are located at the base of the
male's penis and in which sperm are produced.
See TESA.
See TESE.
The male hormone responsible for the formation of
secondary sex characteristics and for supporting the
sex drive. Testosterone is also necessary for spermatogenesis.
Blood clotting and migration of clots to plug distant
blood vessels.
Any condition in which the thyroid is not functioning
properly, such as underactive (hypo) or overactive
(hyper) thyroid.
The endocrine gland in the front of the neck that
produces thyroid hormones to regulate the body's metabolism.
A molecule that is important in inflammation. TNF
binding protein blocks the activity of TNF and selectively
inhibits inflammation.
Ultrasonography which sends into the pelvic cavity
and receives ultrasonic waves through the vagina by
using a probe placed inside the vagina.
An infection that may produce a greenish, bad-smelling
vaginal discharge.
One-third of the length of a pregnancy (3 months).
A type of female sterilisation in which the fallopian
tubes are cut, clipped, or tied in order to prevent
pregnancy.
Surgery performed to remove a blocked portion of the
fallopian tube and to reconnect the tube to the uterus.
Tubouterine implantation may also be performed to
remove fallopian tube blockage near the uterus and
reimplant the tube in the uterus.
Surgery performed to remove a diseased portion of
the fallopian tube and reconnect the two ends; sterilisation
reversal.
The most common genetic defect contributing to female
fertility problems. The ovaries fail to form and appear
as slender threads of atrophic ovarian tissue, referred
to as streak ovaries. Karyotyping will reveal that
this woman has only one female (X) chromosome instead
of two.
A test used to visualise the reproductive organs.
The instrument works by bouncing sound waves off the
organs, and a picture displayed on a TV screen shows
the internal organs.
The delineation of deep bodily structures by sending
ultrasonic waves (sound waves of frequency higher
than the range audible to the human ear, ie. above
20,000 cycles per second) toward an organ or mass,
which in turn bounces back (echoes); the patterns
produces are graphically displayed on a fluorescent
screen for interpretation.
Two arteries and one vein encased in a gelatinous
tube leading from the baby to the placenta. Used to
exchange nutrients and oxygen from the mother for
waste products from the baby.
Infertility for which the cause cannot be determined
with currently available diagnostic techniques.
An abnormality in which the uterus is "one sided"
and smaller than usual.
The muscular tubes carrying urine from the kidneys
to the bladder.
The tube that allows urine to pass between the bladder
and the outside of the body.
Disorders of the urinary tract causing painful urination,
frequency of urination, and/or urine leakage, such
as interstitial cystitis. Sometimes confused with
the symptoms of endometriosis on the bladder.
Abnormal, benign (non-cancerous) growths of muscle
within the wall of a woman’s uterus.
Abnormal, benign (non-cancerous) growths attached
to a short stalk that protrudes from the inner surface
of a woman's uterus.
Urinary incontinence related to bladder muscle contractions
which occur involuntarily and in the setting of an
inability to suppress those contractions.
Inability to pee.
Dynamic testing of the urological system whereby pressure
differentials are measured.
A physician specialising in the genitourinary tract.
Ligaments attaching the lower part of the uterus to
the sacral bone. One of the main supports of the uterus
and upper vagina, and a common place to find endometriosis.
The hollow, muscular organ that houses and nourishes
the foetus during pregnancy.
The canal leading from the cervix to the outside of
the woman's body; the birth passage.
Painful spasm of pelvic floor muscles on vaginal entry,
such as sexual intercourse.
Yeast, bacterial vaginosis, or trichomonas infections
of the vagina. Frequent vaginitis may indicate the
presence of pelvic adhesions and tubal blockage from
other infections, such as chlamydia. Vaginitis may
interfere with sperm penetration of the cervical mucus,
and the symptoms may even interfere with the ability
and desire to have intercourse.
A method of destroying endometriosis
by boiling of the cellular water with a laser or electrosurgical
knife.
Any infection that can be sexually transmitted, such
as chlamydia, gonorrhea, ureaplasma, and syphilis.
The female external genital organs.
Painful vulva, also sometimes associated with urinary
symptoms, painful intercourse and generalised pelvic
pain.
The congenital, developmental, or genetic information
in the cell that transmits the information necessary
to make a female. All eggs contain one X chromosome,
and half of all sperm carry an X chromosome. When
two X chromosomes combine, the baby will be a girl.
See also Y chromosome.
The genetic material that transmits the information
necessary to make a male. The Y chromosome can be
found in one-half of the man's sperm cells. When an
X and a Y chromosome combine, the baby will be a boy.
See also X Chromosome.
The outer protein coat (shell) of an ovum, which must
be penetrated by a sperm cell for fertilisation to
take place.
A fertilised egg which has not yet divided.
An assisted reproduction technology (ART) in which
eggs are removed from a woman's ovaries, fertilised
with the man's sperm in a lab dish, and the resulting
embryos are transferred into the woman'sfallopian
tubes during a minor surgical procedure.
